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RULES ON SPECIFICATIONS. 



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PREFACE. 



The " Eules " herewith presented are intended to aid in systematizing, 
as far as possible, the printing of specifications of patents. The great 
diversity existing in manuscripts, and the desirability of securing uni- 
formity in the bound volumes of specifications, render a work of this 
ki id almost indispensable to compositors and proof-readers engaged in 
p nting specifications. And while it is not expected that these rules 
w • cover all cases, yet it is believed that the suggestions contained in 
this litle pamphlet will be of no small benefit to those engaged either in 
writing or printing specifications, especially the sections relating to 
orthography. 

1 SP 






7 



RULES ON SPECIFICATIONS 



HEADINGS. 



In printing the specifications of patents, the names of States should 
be abbreviated, if possible, to avoid making extra lines in the head- 
ings ; though this is not intended to apply to the names of those States 
which do not admit of abbreviation — e. g., Ohio and Iowa. 

Where a discrepancy occurs between the name on the file-wrapper 
or in the preamble and signature, the latter should be followed, as a 
rule. 

In the preamble, " John and William Smith," for example, should be 
printed " John Smith and William Smith," repeating the surname — 
that is, if they are inventors ; in the- case of assignees, the copy should 
be followed. 

Where there are two or more inventors, and their names do not stand 
in the same order in the petition (which is the order in which they are 
indorsed on the file-wrapper) and in the preamble and signatures — for 
instance, " John Jones and William Smith" in the petition, and ''Wil- 
liam Smith and John Jones" in the preamble and signatures — -the copy 
should be followed. 

In the headings the post-office address of the inventor should agree 
with that given in the latest amended specification. 

Where the township residence is given, the name of the county should 
be printed, also. 

In Canadian specifications, the name of the Province should be printed, 
also — as, " Montreal, Quebec, Canada" — provided it occurs either in the 
petition, specification, or oath. In the case of the residence of assignees, 
the name of the Province should be printed only when written in the 
assignment. 

In reissues, where the original patent has been divided, the official 
designation of the several divisions — as, "Division A," "Division B," 
.&C. — should be printed in the heading just preceding the specification 
proper. 

In original patents, the patentee's distinguishing mark or number — 
as, u Case A," " Case No. 98," &c. — should be printed wherever occur- 
ring in the body of the specification. 

In two or more cases relating to the same subject-matter, when refer- 
ence is made from one to the other in the several specifications, u Case 
A," " Case B," &c, of the entire series (if the different applications are 



so designated) should be printed, respectively, in the preambles, after t ho 
title of the invention, in parentheses. 

Where there LS no allusion to other eases in the body of a Specifica- 
tion, the case letter or number should not be printed when simply 
marked on the tile-wrapper or on the margin of the manuscript. 

In headings, it' necessary to abbreviate the name of one of two States 

mentioned, the last one should be abbreviated; and if necessary to 
abbre\ iate the name of the State first mentioned, the name of the sec- 
ond State mentioned should be abbreviated also, except in the ease of 
-Xew York, N. Y.,» and in the ease of "Ohio" or "Iowa," and " Idaho,' 7 
" It ah." and the other Territories, which should be printed in full — as, 
'•Utah Territory," ''Idaho Territory," "Territory of New Mexico," 
"Montana Territory," "Washington Territory," &c, and the names of 
foreign countries — as, ''England," "Germany," "Switzerland," &c. 

When two inventors have different post-office addresses in the same 
State, the name of the State should follow the last address, unless the 
name of another State intervenes. In that case the State name should 
be repeated. 

The name of the State of New York should be abbreviated in head- 
ings Avhere one or more inventors residing in that State give one post- 
office address, and another in the same case gives his domicile as New 
York city; but in the preamble, where the word "city" is introduced 
before the State name, "New York " should be printed in full — as, " New 
York city, New York." 

The word " Company" in copartnership names should be abbreviated 
and the character "&" used— as, " Jones & Co.," or "Jones & Brown." 
In the names of incorporated companies, the word " Company " should 
be printed in full, using an " &" between the names — as, "Keed & Bar- 
ton Manufacturing Company." The word "Brother" should also be 
printed in full, using the character " & " — as, " Smith & Brother." This 
rule applies only to the heading and preamble; signatures and the 
declaration or oath accompanying trade-marks should be followed liter- 
ally as written. 

In the names of places, " Mount " should be printed in full, not " Mt. ; " 
" St.," not " Saint," except where the name following " St." is a con- 
traction — as, "Saint Joe," &c; " La Fayette," not " Lafayette;" "burg," 
not "burgh," excepting one or two foreign places — as, "Edinburgh, 
Scotland f " borough," not " boro'; " and " Centre," except in a few States, 
instances of which are hereinafter given under the heading of " Geo- 
graphical Orthography." 

In specifications issued prior to April 1, 1873, "Application filed" is 
omitted. 

"Improved" or " Improvement in" should be followed in the headings 
of reprints and old cases, and the antedate, if any, inserted after the 
date of the patent. 

In current issues, in the headings, the words " Improvement in" should 



be omitted, and the title of the invention made singular, except in such 
cases as "haines," "spectacles," "suspenders," and other words which 
do not admit of the singular form. Also, in designs, the title in head- 
ings should be printed singular — as, "Design for Carpet" — not "Oar- 
pets." 

As a rule, the words of copartnership or corporation names should 
not be compounded — as, "Jones & Brown Car Axle Manufacturing 
Company," "Cable Screw Wire Manufacturing Company," "Lamp 
Chimney Manufacturing Company," &c. 

Iu original patents filed on and after March 1, 1830, " Model" or "No 
model," " Specimens" or "No specimens," as the case may require, will 
be printed immediately after the application date, in parentheses. 

In original patents, the latest date appearing on the eight lines on the 
face of the file-wrapper beginning with the abbreviated word " Eec'd " 
and ending with the word "Cash" (excepting the date of filing the model 
in applications filed on and after March 1, 1880) will be taken as the 
date of filing the application, this also applying to reissues, excepting 
the abstract-of-title date in cases filed since January 1, 1880. In case 
of doubt, reference should be had to the Examiner's letters in the file 
to determine the correct date. In reissues the form of the application 
date should be, "Application for reissue filed," and in other cases "Ap- 
plication filed." 

Dates of foreign patents should be printed in headings when an inven- 
tion has been patented abroad, (the dates pertaining to which will 
be indorsed on the file-wrapper,) which should follow the date of filing 
the application and the parenthetical reference regarding the model or 
specimens — as, "Application filed March 6, 1880. (No model.) Patented 
in England, June 6, 1873." And where more than one foreign patent 
has been taken out, the dates should be put in the order in which they 
are indorsed on the file-wrapper. 

"Court-House" and "P. O." in the headings and preambles should be 
printed if in copy, spelling out " Court-House " and abbreviating " Post- 
Office." 

In reissues the current reissue number will precede the original 
number or numbers — the form being "Specification forming part of Ee- 
issued Letters Patent No.," &c, followed in the line below by "Original 
No.," &c. 

In designs, "Term of patent 3 J (or 7 or 14, as the case maybe) years" 
should be printed, taking the length of the term of patent from the 
application. This does not refer to reissued designs, the date lines of 
which should be printed the same as current reissues, excepting the 
substitution of the word "Design" for "Letters Patent." 

In trade-marks, the word "registered" should be used after the num- 
ber, instead of the word "dated." 



ITALICS. 

[n current issues and manuscript reprints, the preamble should invari- 
ably begin with the introduction u To all whom it may concern," in Italics, 

flush, followed by " Be it known that [," (or we,) &C, indented. 

The head-lines "Nature and objects of the invention,' 1 "General de- 
scription," and so on, may be omitted; but Italic side-headings should 

be printed in cases where the structure of a specification is such as to 
require their use. And where the line "Description of the accompany- 
ing drawing," or "Description of the drawing," occurs before the figures, 
it should be changed to "Ln the accompanying drawing,*' or "In the 
drawing, (or drawings, should there be more than one figure,) Figure 
1." &c. : and the word " Operation," and similar indispensable head words 
and lines, should be run in, followed by a colon, in Eoman. 

Italics should be used in Latin names of plants and moss, (as "Riibus 
fruticosus" and " Fucus crispus," OT li B.fruticosus 77 and U F. crispus, 11 if so 
written:) in Latin names of trees, (as, iC Quercus alba," or U Q. alba; 11 ) in 
Latin names of birds, (as, "Passer domesticus, 11 or U F. domesticus ;") in 
Latin names of animals, (as, "Vtdpes fulvus, 71 or U V. fulvus; 11 ) in Latin 
names of fishes, (as, "Alosa menhaden," or U A. menhaden;") in Latin 
names of insects, (as, u Doryphora decemlineata, 11 or "D. decemlineata ;") 
and in rarely-used foreign and Latin words, (as, " seriatim, ," u vis a tergo, 17 
"via" or " modus operandi. 11 ) But the frequently-used words "vice 
versa," and the names of specific things — as, " basso-rilievo," "alto- 
rilievo," "fleur-de-lis," " papier-mache," "debris," "depot," "porte-mon- 
naie," &c. — may be printed in Eoman. Also, Eoman should be used in all 
names of medicine, (as, hydrargyri, iodinum, liquor calcii chloridi, &c.,) 
in anatomical terms, (as, os calcis, os frontis, tendo Achillis, &c.,) in 
Latin names of diseases, (as, hsemoptysis, phthisis, bronchitis, &c.,) in 
names of chemicals and coloring-matter, (as, photogen, pincoffine, phenyl- 
amine, hrematoxyline, &c.,) and in geological and mineralogical terms. 

The title to a signature or the residence of a signer should be printed 
in Italics, as " Administrator of the estate of William Smith, 17 or u No. 17 
Or a cecii u rch Street. 11 

Eoman should be used in all Latin or foreign quoted words in trade- 
marks or designs, the quotation-marks being sufficient designation. 

INVENTORS' NAMES. 

Inventors' names in preambles should be printed in small capitals, 
and wherever else they occur in the body of a specification, except 
when they refer to a prior invention and when used in the witness 
line — as, "Witness as to signature of J. B. Jones" — when they should 
be printed in lower-case. This also applies to assignees, or names con- 
nected with the specification in any way, either as inventor, assignee, 



trustee, guardian, or administrator. Other names mentioned inciden- 
tally should be lower-cased. 

In trade-marks, if the construction will permit, when the individual 
names of a firm are given in addition to the regular firm name, they 
should be inclosed in parentheses. 

PARAGRAPHING. 

As a rule, those paragraphs should not be followed which do not con- 
tain a verb, unless coming under one of the exceptions mentioned here- 
inafter. 

The description of the figures should usually form but one paragraph 
where they follow each other successively ; but where a description of 
parts by letters of reference accompanies some or all of the figures, each 
figure should begin a paragraph, running the description pertaining to 
it in with it, though the introduction of reference-letters incidentally in 
the description of figures must not be considered a sufficient letter de- 
scription to make each figure a paragraph. For instance, " Figure 3 is 
an elevation of the axle A, hub B, spokes 0, and felly D," should be 
run in with the preceding figures, the same as though the reference- 
letters were omitted. 

The sentence "Similar letters of reference," &c, or its equivalent, 
should always be made a separate paragraph, provided a participle does 
not join it to the preceding sentence. 

The sentence beginning "In order to enable others skilled;" or, "To 
enable others skilled;" or, "And to enable others skilled," and so on, 
should be made a separate paragraph. 

The statement of the invention should be paragraphed as follows: 
Separate paragraphs should be made of sentences beginning "The in- 
vention relates;" "The invention has relation;" "The object of my 
invention;" "My invention consists, first," "My invention consists, 
second," &c; "To this end my invention consists;" "It further con- 
sists;" "It consists, further;" "The invention consists, also;" "It also 
consists;" "It consists, furthermore," &c; but in a succession of these 
paragraphs the last two should be run together with a semicolon if 
they are connected by the word "and." If what the invention consists 
in is divided into "first," "second," "third," "fourth," "fifth," and so 
on, with but one expression "The invention consists" to cover the 
whole of them, then they should run on with semicolons, unless a sen- 
tence or sentences intervene. In that case "The invention consists — " 
should break off with a dash, and paragraphs be made of "First," 
"Second," "Third," "Fourth," "Fifth," &c. 

All incidental paragraphs in a statement of invention, such as disad- 
vantages of prior invention, advantages of present invention, &c, should 
be separate paragraphs. 

The expression "The construction and operation of my invention are 
as follows" should be made a separate paragraph, because standing 



8 

for both construction and operation; but, as a rule, the Line "The opera- 
tion (or construction) is as follows," and similar phrases, should uot 
constitute separate paragraphs. 

,\s a rule, the description by letters of reference — thatis, the part 
beginning "In the drawing, A represents," or "A represents," &o. — 
should begin a paragraph, breaking off "of which," or "in which," with 
a dash, unless the description be broken up and interspersed among the 
several figures, when each figure and its loiter description should begin 
and constitute a separate paragraph, as stated above. 

In the body of all well-paragraphed specifications — or that portion 
embracing the description of the construction and operation, down to 
the "disclaimer" or "advantages," as the case may be — paragraphs 
should be followed, provided they are not intimately connected by such 
words as "But," "And," "Or,"' "Therefore," "It," "This," "These," 
" That.*' -Also," " Then," " Thus," " They," " However," " In other words," 
"For instance," &c, closely connecting a paragraph with the one pre- 
ceding, and referring not to the entire machine or invention, but to a 
minor part; and provided the paragraphs are not such short half-line or 
two-line sentences as: "A is a base-plate. B is a needle-bar. O is a 
presser-foot, connected with the needle-bar B. D is the cam that drives 
the needle-bar," and so on, which should all be run into one paragraph, 
and especially so when they all relate closely to 'one part of a device or 
machine, and are connected by the conjunction "and," though it is 
usually preferable to begin paragraphs with a reference-letter, provided 
a verb follows it and enough matter to make a paragraph of at least 
three or four lines. This is not intended, however, to interfere with the 
making of other legitimate and independent paragraphs occurring in a 
description of parts by letters of reference. 

In English and other specifications written without "breaks," para- 
graphs should be made in suitable places, governed by the foregoing 
rules. 

Where such digressive paragraphs as those beginning "If desired," 
"It will be seen," "It will be understood," "My invention may," "Of 
course this apparatus may," "It will, of course, be understood," "The 
above method may be varied," "These improvements obviate this diffi- 
culty," " By this invention," (or improvement, mode, or method,) "Another 
mode of doing this," "Should it be desired," "Instead of this I may," 
and so on, occur, they may be made separate paragraphs, as well as all 
paragraphs which are clearly independent of that which occurs before. 

When the pronouns "It," "This," "That," and "These" refer to what 
follows, or to the entire invention or improvement, and not to a minor 
part, or are not very closely connected to the preceding paragraph, then 
they should begin paragraphs — as, "It is by this means," "This invention 
obviates this objection," "That others may understand," "By this appa- 
ratus." '-These improvements do away with this objection," &c. 

The paragraph beginning " The advantages," &c, should be a separate 



one, unless it is divided into "First," "Second," "Third," "Fourth," &c, 
eacli beginning a full sentence — verb, nouns, &c. In that case the sen- 
tence "The advantages of my invention are as follows" should be broken 
off with a colon, and separate paragraphs made of "First," "Second," 
"Third," &c. When they are not sentences, they should be run in with 
semicolons, unless a sentence or sentences intervene, when paragraphs 
may be made of "First," " Second," &c. 

Paragraphs beginning "I am aware" should be separate, as also those 
beginning "I am also aware," unless a concluding sentence referring to 
all these paragraphs of a series (such as, "All these features I disclaim," 
&c.) renders it necessary to run them all into one paragraph. 

Disclaimers should be separate paragraphs, unless connected by con- 
junctions. 

The introduction to claims — "Having thus described my invention," 
&c. — should be a separate paragraph. 

Each claim should be a separate paragraph and numbered 1, 2, or 3, 
&c, omitting the numeral when there is but one claim. 

The jurat should be a separate paragraph. 

In trade-marks, paragraphs should be made of sentences beginning 
"This trade-mark I have," &c, and also of the sentence beginning "The 
border (or word-symbol, &c.) may be omitted," &c, unless preceded by 
the word "but;" also, a paragraph should be made of the sentence be- 
ginning with the words " This trade-mark," &c, but pot with the words 
"It is applied," &c, when the word "It" refers to the word "trade- 
mark " in the preceding sentence. 

In the body of specifications, the expressions "In Fig. 1," &c, and 
"Fig. 1," "Fig. 2," &c, should begin paragraphs, unless they are very 
closely connected to the preceding paragraph by the conjunction "and," 
or by the mode of expression used in the description. 

COMPOUND WORDS. 

Those compounds should be adopted which will best convey the invent- 
or's meaning, and in cases of doubt hyphens should be omitted — as, for 
instance, in the title "Circular sawing machine." 

As a rule, adjectives should not be compounded with nouns, unless 
they have become compound words from long-continued use. 

Double or triple compounds are permissible, if necessary to render clear 
an inventor's meaning — as, " Sheet-metal-shearing machine ; " but they 
should be avoided where no violence will be done to the sense — as, 
"Kailroad-car axle-box," "Wax-thread sewing-machine," "Button-hole 
sewing-machine," &c. 

As a general rule, the technical words of machinery, &c.,maybe com- 
pounded — as, "set -screw," "bevel-wheel," "ratchet-bar," "bell-crank 
lever," &c. — unless one of the words should belong to the list herein 
mentioned as non-compounds on account of being general terms. 

The words "combination," "compression," "expansion," "extension," 



B 



10 

•• gra\ itation," "instrument," "percussion," "permutation," "suspen- 
sion," "tension," "torsion," "traction," &c, may be compounded with 
other r ords — as, forexample, "combination-lock," "compression-spring," 
" extension-piece," "extension-ladder," "extension-table," " gravitation - 
arm," " receiving-instrument," "telegraph -instrument," "transinitting- 
instrument," "percussion-lock," "permutation-lock," "suspension-piece," 
"suspension-bridge," " tension-wheel," "torsion-spring," "traction-en- 
gine," &o. 

The words "action," "motion," and "movement" should be com- 
pounded with other words it' they stand for some specific thing in 
machinery — as, "loom stop-motion," "link-motion," "feed-motion," 
"clock-movement," "piano-action," *K:c.; but not when alluding merely 
to an operation or action — as, "back action," "rocking motion," "side 
movement," "feed motion," (meaning a feeding motion,) &c. 

The terms -V-shaped," "V-formed," "hook-shaped," "U-formed," 
••ogee-shaped," "arrow-shaped, " cam- shaped," "S-shaped," &c, should 
be compounded, but not "V shape," "U shape," "ogee shape," "cam 
shape," "S shape," "hook shape," "U form," &c. 

The words "gutta-percha," "gum-camphor," "gum-arabic," "gum- 
elastic," "gum-dammar," "gum- Senegal," " gum-sandarac," &c, should 
be compounded, and, also, "chrome-green," "cobalt-blue," "zinc-white/ 7 
&c. — that is, when the color is used as a noun, but not when an adjective — 
as, "white lead," "reel lead,"&c. 

The names of fractions should be. compounded — as, "one-half," "one- 
third," &c. ; but when the word "half" is used in speaking of a specific 
device the hyphen should not be inserted — as, "one half of my mold is 
supplied with dowel-holes, and the other half with pins." The terms 
"half-nuts," "half-molds," "half-box," &c, and generally " half-revolu- 
tion," should be compounded. 

When the numerator or denominator exceeds twenty, the hyphen may 
be omitted between them — as, "twenty-five sixty-fourths," "seventeen 
twenty-sevenths," &c. 

As a rule, where tw T o similar vowels come together in words, one end- 
ing and the other beginning a syllable, they should be separated by 
hyphens — as, "co-operate," "re-enforce," &c. — but, as a rule, not differ- 
ent adjoining vowels — as, "reaction," "reinsert," "reuse," &c. 

Sometimes the meaning may be made clearer by compounding words 
not generally compounded — as, "re-formed," meaning to form again ) 
"re-turned," meaning to turn again 5 "re-covered," to cover again 5 "re- 
registration," &c. 

The words "bottom," "end," " side," " top," " corner," "back," and 
" center" may be compounded when they are not used as referring to 
position— a.s, " bottom-folder," " side-folder," or "end-folder" of a fold- 
ing-machine ; "top-prop," (of a buggy;) "back-band," (harness;) and 
"stove-top," "lathe-center," "comer-post," &c. 



11 

Technical terms referring to oils and gases should be confounded — 
as, "castor-oil," " coal-oil," " cod-liver oil," " machine-oil," "dead-oil," 
" olive-oil," "sweet-oil," "paraffine-oil," "petroleum-oil," "kerosene-oil," 
"neat's-foot oil," "sperm-oil," "resin-oil," "whale-oil," "lard-oil," "illu- 
minating-oil," "carbonic-acid gas," "illuminating-gas," "coal-gas," 
"wood-gas," "marsh-gas," "tank-gas," &c, though exceptions may be 
made of "hydrocarbon oil," " li3 T drocarbon gas," " hydrogen gas," "oxy- 
gen gas," " oxyhydrogen gas," "chlorine gas," " hydrocarbon vapor," &c. 

The words " cast-iron," "cast-steel," " wrought-iron," " wrought-steel," 
"pig-iron," "sheet-iron," "sheet-steel," "sheet-brass," "sheet-zinc," 
"sheet-copper," " sheet-tin," &c, should be compounded, but not "sheet 
metal." 

Compounding should usually be governed by the meaning; for in- 
stance, in "right-and-left screw-nut" and "right-and-left screw-rod," 
"right-and-left" should be compounded, though not in the expression 
"right and left screw-thread," because in the first instance it means a 
screw-nut and a screw-rod haviug a right-hand thread in or on one end 
and a left-hand one in or on the other, while in the second instance it 
means both a right-hand screw-thread and a left-hand one ; otherwise it 
would convey the impression that the threads crossed each other. So, 
also, in the words " spring bed-bottom" and " spring carriage-seat," where 
"bed-bottom" and "carriage-seat" must be compounded to give the true 
meaning; and in tlie case of "pawl and ratchet-wheel" and "pawl-and- 
ratchet mechanism," where, in the first instance, "pawl" is one thing and 
"ratchet-wheel" another, while in the second instance "pawl-and- 
ratchet" qualifies mechanism. " Hook-and-ladder truck," "ball-and- 
socket joint," "step-by-step motion," and "mortise-and-tenon connec- 
tion" are other examples. This, of course, will be understood not to 
apply to cases where a disjunctive conjunction is used — for instance, "up 
or down motion." And even where the " and" is used, if the noun quali- 
fied be used in the plural, great care should be taken in compounding 
lest a wrong meaning be conveyed. For instance, while the terms "up- 
and-down motion," "back-and-forth motion," and "rising-and-falling mo- 
tion" usually mean one rapid, continuous movement, the expression 
"up-and-down motions," "back-and-forth motions," or "rising-and-fall- 
ing motions" might mean motions separated by a longer interval of 
time, or, in other words, two distinct motions, though this is not usually 
the case. Should such be the apparent meaning, the hyphens should be 
omitted. Changes in positions of words sometimes cause difference in 
meaning, and therefore different compounding — as, " water-inlet pipe," or 
" inlet water-pipe." The word "eccentric " should not be compounded with 
the word following when it alludes to shape, in which case it should be 
treated just as the word "concentric." "Eccentric-rod" is compounded 
because it means a rod working in connection with an eccentric, there 
being no reference whatever to shape as far as the rod is concerned. 



12 



WORDS ENDING IN M ING." 

Ajs a rule, transitive words ending in "ing" should be compounded 
with other words, (unless followed by either of the words hereinafter 
enumerated as non-compounds,) as, "connecting-rod," implying a rod 
which connects something; " cutting- wheel," a wheel which cuts some- 
thing: " folding-blade," a blade which folds paper, &c.j "guiding- 
groove," a groove by which something is guided; " paring-knife," a 
knife which pares apples, &c; " canceling-stamp," a stamp by which 
something is canceled : " grinding-surface," a surface which grinds grain, 
&c. 

Words ending in " ing," if technical, though of an intransitive nature, 
may be compounded with other words — as, "meeting-rail," "rocking- 
chair," "running- gear," " reclining-chair," " tilting-chair," "walking- 
beam," "diving-flue," "illuminating-gas," &c. Also, when used as par- 
ticipial nouns — as, " starting-point," meaning point of starting; "boil- 
ing-point ; w " turning-point ; " " freezing-point: " " melting-point; " "lodg- 
ing-place ; " "resting-place ; " " gas-making ; " " cake-baking ; " " lime- 
burning," &c. 

Intransitive words ending in "ing" should not be compounded with 
other words — as, "sliding rod," meaning a rod which simply slides; 
" sinking frame," a frame which sinks ; " rocking lever," a lever which 
is rocked; "tilting platform," a platform which is» tilted; "traveling 
carriage," a carriage which travels; "rocking grate," a grate which is 
rocked; " folding table," a table which can be folded. 

Participial adjectives should not be compounded with other words — 
as, " rocking motion," " ascending flue," "descending movement," " ris- 
ing motion ; " "falling movement," &c. ; nor the words "having," "being," 
"doing," "ending," &c. 

NON-COMPOUNDS. 

Asa rule, such general words as "apparatus," "arrangement," "at- 
tachment," " composition," "compound," "device" "end," (excepting 
"butt-end," "suspender-end," "stay-end," or anything technical, not 
referring to position,) "fiber," "force," "implement," "machinery/? 
"material," "mechanism," "part," "particle," "portion," "substance,*? 
"projection," and u product," (excepting "by-product,") should not be 
compounded with other words. 

As a rule, two nouns should not be compounded wiien the first is the 
name of the material of which the device is made. Thus, "paper box" 
should be a non-compound when it means that the box is formed of paper, 
but si i ould be compounded when it means a box for holding paper. Under 
this head come "steel spring," "iron hammer," "stave basket," "wire 
fence," "wire rope," "wire mattress," ("wire-gauze," "wire-netting," 
"wire-cloth," &c, are compounded in Webster's Dictionary, probably 
because they are articles of merchandise, and rarely used in the plural; 



13 

if used in the plural it would, perhaps, be better to avoid compounding 
them,) "straw braid," "iron bar," "canvas sail," "iron hoop," "stone 
step," "paper collar; " but when the words are transposed they may be ' 
compounded — as, "fence-wire," "basket-stave," "hoop-iron," "sail- 
canvas," "bar-iron," "spring-steel," "sole-leather," " upper-leather," &c. 
An exception may be made of such technical terms as "tin-plate" and 
"tin-scrap," compounding if singular, but not when plural — as, "tin 
plates," "tin scraps," &c; also, "leather-board," "paper-pulp," "paper- 
board," "paper- stock," &c. 

Words should not be Compounded with the word "toy" — as, "toy 
gun," "toy bank," "toy house," "toy blocks," &c.;'but "toy-box" may 
be compounded when it means a box for containing toys. 

When two nouns, both preceding and qualifying another noun, are con- 
nected by a conjunction, there should be no compounding — as, " steam and 
water pipe," "car or wagon spring," &c, where the words " steam" and 
" water "both qualify "pipe," separately and independently, and so in the 
other case cited. And, also, in the case of a word qualifying two nouns 
which follow, similarly connected — as, " hoisting wheel or drum," " cook- 
ing stove or range," &c, although coming singly they would be com- 
pounded — as, "hoisting-wheel," "hoisting-drum," "cooking-stove," &c. 
Of course this does not apply unless the words either qualify or are 
qualified separately and independently — for instance, " pawl and ratcbet- 
wheel," where "pawl" has nothing to do with qualifying "wheel," but 
is simply a noun connected to the other noun, "ratchet-wheel," by the 
word " and." 

Adjectives which qualify as to position should not be compounded — 
as, " end piece," "side piece," "back piece;" "bottom flue," "top flue," 
"center panel," and " side panel," all referring to the position of " piece," 
" flue," "panel," &c. But they may be compounded when technical — as, 
"end-gate," "end-board," or "side-board," (of a wagon;) "center- 
piece," (an ornament;) or "center-board," (of a vessel.) 

Such words as " delivery end," "divider end," "screw end," "nail 
end," " shaft end," &c, should not be compounded, because they are 
usually not technical or specific. 

To secure uniformity in the use of the adjectives "hind" and "fore," 
two words should bemade of "fore part; " "hindpart ; " " foreleg ; " "hind 
leg ; " "fore foot ; " " hind foot ; " " fore end ; " " hind end ; " " fore wheel ; '? 
" hind wheel," &c. This should not apply, however, to words with which 
the word "hind" is not used — as, "forefinger," "forearm," "forebay," 
&c. 

The inventor's meaning should guide as to whether, when three words 
occur any two of which may be compounded, there should be a "com- 
pound adjective" or a " compound noun." For instance, in the expres- 
sion " spring holding clamp," " holding-clamp " should be compounded if 
a holding-clamp which springs is meant ; but if a clamp for holding a 
spring is intended, then " spring-holding " should be compounded, and 



11 

go w iih other examples. Of course this does not conflict with the com- 
pounding o( such words as M spring ■clamp,'' "spring-latch," &c, but only 
lias reference to those cases of three words the proper compounding of 
which is somewhat difficult to determine. 

As a rule, quoted matter in trade-marks should not be compounded, 
though it may be necessary sometimes in foreign words. 

l nless technical, the names oi' "ores" should not becompounded with 
other words — as, k - iron ore," " silver ore," "lead ore, 1 ' &c. 

PUNCTUATION. 

The printed specifications of patents should be so punctuated as to aid 
in rendering clear the inventors meaning, whether wide or close, though 
a medium course is generally preferable. Especial care should be taken 
to avoid using a full-stop where only a comma or semicolon is intended 
to be employed, and in the omission and insertion of commas in sen- 
tences when, by so doing, a different meaning from that intended would 
be conveyed. As a rule, in cases of doubt, an inventor's punctuation 
should be followed unless it is palpably wrong. 

"Where the pronoun "I" adjoins a reference-letter, more particularly a 
capital letter, it is preferable to separate them by a comma, as a general 
rule, aud commas may be inserted iu other places where they will aid 
the reading. For instance, in the sentence " My invention will first be 
described, and then pointed out iu the claim," the comma is inserted to 
destroy the impression that it is both described and pointed out in the 
claim. Also, in the termination of claims the expression " as described, 
and represented in the drawings " often occurs, in which case the comma 
should be inserted after "described," because the invention is only "rep- 
resented" iu the drawings, and not " described." There is also a differ- 
ence in the meaning of the two expressions " reference being had to the 
accompanying drawing, forming a part of this specification," and " ref- 
erence being had to the drawing forming a part of this specification." 
In the first instance the word "accompanying" so qualifies the word 
" drawing " that what follows is simply parenthetical and further explan- 
atory, while in the second case the use of the comma would cut off the 
qualifying words from the word " drawing." 

The description of the figures should be punctuated as follows : " Fig- 
ure 1 is a side elevation, and Fig. 2 an end view." . Or, " Figure 1 
is a top-plan view of my invention; Fig. 2, an end view, showing one 
mode," &c. Or, "Figure 1 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of my 
boiler, taken on the line xoc, Fig. 1. Fig. 2 is an end view ; and Fig. 3 
is a transverse section of the smoke-flue," (the semicolon being placed 
before "and" because Fig. 3 alone refers to smoke-flue.) Or, "Fig- 
ure 1 is a plan view. Fig. 2 is an end view." Or, " Figure 1 is a plan 
view ; Fig. 2, an end view." Or, " Figure 1 is a top view, and Fig. 2 
a bottom view, of my invention." Or, "Figure 1 is a top view, Fig. 2 a 
horizontal section, Fig. 3 a vertical section, and Fig. 4 an under-side 



15 

view, of my churn; and Fig. 5, a front view of my dasher." Or, " Fig- 
ure 1 is a side view. Fig. 3 is an end view. Fig. 3 is a vertical section, 
and Fig. 4 is a rear elevation." Or, " Figure 1 is a view showing my 
valve; Fig. 2, a view showing," &c. Or, " Figure 1 is a side elevation 
showing my grain-drill complete. Fig. 2 is a side elevation showing the 
hopper removed," (both figures being side elevations showing different 
things, the commas are omitted after the word " elevation.") Or, "Fig- 
ure 1 is a vertical section of my arbor, arbor-case, spring, and detent, 
taken on the line x .r, Fig. 2." Or, " Figure 1 is a top view, Fig. 2 a 
front elevation, Fig. 3 a side view, and Fig. 4 a longitudinal section, of 
it." Or, " Figure 1 is a top view, Fig. 2 a front elevation, Fig. 3 a side 
view, and Fig. 4 a longitudinal section, of my machine," (the comma in 
the last two examples after the word " section " is used because all the 
figures refer to the entire invention or machine, but it should not be 
employed when one or more figures refer to a minor part.) Or, "Figure 
1 is a section taken on the line x a?, Fig. 2; Fig. 2, a transverse section 
taken on the line y y. Fig. 1 ; Fig. 3, a side view, partly in section ; and 
Fig. 4, a top-plan Aiew of the same." Or, " Figure 1 is a side view, partly 
in section, of my," &c Or, "Figure 1 is a plan view of my boiler; Fig. 

2, a section of the steam-outlet, and Fig. 3 a view of the piston." Or, 
" Figure 1 is a plan view of my boiler ; Fig. 2, a section of the steam- 
outlet, showing the valve ; and Fig. 3, a view of the piston." Or, "Fig- 
ure 1 is a plan view of my boiler ; Fig. 2, a view of the piston ; and Fig. 

3, a section of the steam-outlet, showing the valve." Or, " Figure 1 is 
a top-plan view of my churn ; Fig. 2, a plan of the same ; and Fig. 3 is a 
section through the churn-body" — the semicolon being inserted between 
the short descriptions of Figs. 2 and 3 in the latter example because 
the verb " is " is omitted in Fig. 2 and renewed in Fig. 3. 

The beginning of the letter description should be punctuated as follows : 
"A is the hub. Bis the tire, is the felly. D is the axle." Or,"Aisthe 
hub ; B is the tire ; C is the felly ; D is the axle, about the construction of 
which parts there is nothing new ; " or, " which are constructed as usual; " 
or, " which are made in a well-known manner." Or, " A is the hub, B is 
the tire, C is the felly, and D is the axle, about the construction," &c. 
Or, "A is the hub, B the tire, the felly, and D the axle." Or, "A is the 
hub, B the tire, and the fellies, of my wheel." Or, "A is a churn- 
body, which may be constructed as usual; B, -the dasher-shaft; C, the 
crank-handle, which should be made of metal ; and D, the cover." Or, 
"A is the hub, B the tire, the fellies, of my wheel." Or, "A is the 
hub, made of hard wood; B, the tire; C, the fellies of my wheel." Or, 
" In the drawing, A represents the window-frame ; B, rhe shutter or 
blind, and C the crank-shaft, which is operated by a handle, D," &c. 
In describing a subordinate feature, where there are only two or three 
very short letter-clauses, commas will usually be sufficient, if the "and " 
be used — as, "A is the hub, B the fellies, and C the spokes." Or, "A is 
the hub, and B the spokes." 



16 
Wnere a Pull sentence intervenes between clauses in the description of 

pails b\ letters, a period should be used — us, kk A is my hub. This 
should be made of hard wood. T>, the lire," &o. In this example a 
Semicolon would be used before the letter B if the sentence did not in- 
ters cue. 
The beginning of claims should be punctuated as follows, as a rule: 
The valve consisting of the seat A, the rod r>, having the nut 0, and 
spring. &o. Or, 

The valve 0, consisting of the scat A, the rod P>, having the nut E, 
and spring, v^c. Or, 

The valve provided with the seat A, the rod B, having the nut 0, 
&c. Or, 
The valve 0, provided with the seat A, the rod B, having, &c. Or, 
The hereinbefore-described valve, consisting of the seat A, rod B, 
&c. Or, 

The hereinbefore-described valve, provided with the seat A, the rod 
B, &c. 

£y The omission of the comma after the word " valve" in the 
two samples above, beginning "The valve consisting" and "The 
valve provided," is because the inventor does not claim a valve 
per se, (because there are many valves,) but claims the valve " con- 
sisting of the seat A, the rod B," &c. In the other samples the 
reference-letter " C " and the adjective " hereinbefore-described" 
so specify what kind of valve he claims that what follows is only 
an explanatory continuation of his claim. So with the samples 
which follow. 
The steam-engine piston- valve A, connected, &c. Or, 
The sewing-machine above described, consisting, &c. Or, 
The life-boat consisting of the. double hull A, united to, &c. Or, 
The life-boat constructed as herein described, consisting of the hull 
A, &c. Or, 
The stove-pipe connection A, composed of, &c. Or, 
The stove-pipe connection A, having the elliptical joints, &c. Or, 
The step -bearing attached to the bridge- tree B, &c. Or, 
The step-bearing A, attached to the bridge-tree E, &c. Or, 
My improved table, composed of the legs B, top D, &c. Or, 
An improved table, composed, &c. Or, 
The improved table composed, &c. Or, 

My harrow, consisting of beam D, with handles, clevis E, &c. Or, 
The method (or machine, mode, or apparatus) herein described for 
producing, &c. 

&y The pronoun "My" in the second line above is sufficiently 

specific to require a comma after the word "harrow." 

The above may be deviated from in a long sentence in the beginning of 

a claim, even if the reference-letter be not introduced before the word 

"consisting," "composed," "having," "provided," "attached," &c, and 



17 

a comma may be inserted before either of the foregoing or like words, 
as in the following examples: "The means employed for feeding the 
clothing beneath the beater-cylinder, consisting," &c. Or, " The bush- 
ing of a mill-spindle, consisting," &c, the bushing " consisting," and not 
the mill-spindle. 

The comma should be omitted after the word " screw" in the following 
or similar claims : "A screw the thread of which is cut beveling," &c, not 
claiming a screw per se, (of which there are many,) but this particular 
one. 

The abbreviation of videlicet should .be printed as follows : " viz.,", in 
body of matter; " viz :" when preceding a sentence. 

As a rule, commas should be used both before and after a letter 
of reference when it follows the indefinite article "a" or "an;" also, 
where a numeral adjective is used without a "the" — as, "My wheel 
contains two (or several) spokes, A, which may," &c, (except where 
the reference-letters cannot be cut off by commas without destroy- 
ing the intended meaning — as, "My burner has two tubes a a and two 
tubes 1) &.") Using the " the " it would read " My wheel contains the two 
spokes A," &c. Another example: "My case contains two wheels, A 
A', one, A, being fitted on the shaft B, and the other, A', on the shaft 
B'." Also, when the reference-letter is removed from the part for which it 
stands — as, "The staves composing my basket, a a," the letters a a re- 
ferring to "staves" and not to "basket." Also, in cases of this kind: 
"The handle is made of wood, C, and the blade of iron, B." 

Eeference-letters should be inclosed between commas when they follow 
nouns qualified by adjectives referring to position — such as "top," "bot- 
tom," " end," " side," "front," "back," "center," "middle," "base," "rear," 
&c. — provided the parts are designated by different reference-letters. 
For instance, while the commas should be used in speaking of the "top 
bar, A, bottom bar, A', and end bar, A"," they should be omitted when 
the letters are the same — as, "top bar A, bottom bar A, and end bar 
A," and so also when, though the reference -letters are different, the ad- 
jectives are the same — as, "the top bar A and the top bar B." The 
above will be understood to apply only to adjectives, and not when the 
adjective is compounded to form a technical word. For instance, the 
reference-letter should be inclosed when speaking of "the center piece, 
0," meaning the piece in the center, but not when speaking of "the 
center-piece C," meaning the ornament known by that name. 

As a rule, a comma should not be used before a reference-letter pre- 
ceded by the definite article " the," unless the letter be clearly paren- 
thetical — as, for instance, "The hopper proper, A, is made," &c, where 
either the word "proper" or the letter of reference is superfluous, i. e. y 
the "hopper proper" is "A," and "A" is the "hopper proper." 

Commas should be used after reference-letters if immediately followed 
by a verb, but, as a rule, not when followed by a preposition, though 
this should be governed by the sense. Example: "My burner is com- 
2 sp 



18 

posed of the tube a, surmounted by t he cap r> of the wick-tube C," 
where bhecomina Is inserted before the verb "surmounted," but not 
before the preposition "of." 

Ajs a rule subject to exceptions, such words as "therefore," "broadly," 
"further," "also," "likewise," "essentially," "respectively," &c, should 
not be inclosed between commas, unless they follow a verb or participle, 
(usually excepting auxiliary verbs,) or unless, when preceding it, commas 
will help the reading — as, "My invention further relates to," &c, or 
"My invention relates, further, to," &c; tl I do not broadly claim," $c, 
or "] do not claim, broadly," to,; "I therefore do not claim," &c, or 
"1 do not claim, therefore," &c. And as a rule, when two of these 
words occur together, only one should be made parenthetical, thus: "I 
do not, therefore, broadly claim," &c.j "I do not therefore claim, 
broadly." &c; k 'l do not, however, broadly claim," &c, 

DIVISION OF WORDS. 

Webster's Dictionary should usually be followed in divisions of words, 
except in these words: "fea-ture," " manufac-ture," " pic-ture," " trun- 
nion," "bril-liant," "pro-duct," "pro-gress," "pro-cess," "verti-cal," 
"coni-cal," " automati-cal," and "peculiar." 

As a rule, in participles, the termination "ing" should be carried 
over when necessary — as, " operat-ing," not " opera-ting f or "ling," 
"ting," "niing," "ning," as the case may be. 

If possible, such two-letter terminal divisions as "er," "es," "et," 
"le," "al," and "ty" should be avoided ; and "ed,"if the "e" is silent— 
as, "released," "assigned," &c. This is not to apply to cases, however, 
where it is unavoidable. 

It is better to terminate a line with the syllable " i" than to begin one 
with it — as, rather " speci-fication," than " spec-ification ; " "simi-lar," 
than "sim-ilar;" "flexi-ble," than " flex-ible," &c. — unless a two-letter 
terminal division would be caused — as, " extremi-ty," "simile," &c. 

Unless unavoidable, such words as "Illinois," "illustrate," &c, should 
not be divided on the first syllable. 

Unless unavoidable, a single reference-letter should not be allowed to 
stand alone in the last line of a paragraph, but should be taken into the 
line above, or a reference-letter, word, or syllable brought down from 
the preceding line or lines. 

CAPITALIZATION. 

The principal words in the title of invention in the preamble should 
be capitalized, excepting those cases where the title given in the preamble 
is much longer than the official title. 

Where a trade-mark title to an invention is introduced in a specifica- 
tion it may be capitalized and quoted — as, " The Buckeye Eeaper," " The 
Lightning Separator," &c.j also, words referred to as placed upon a de- 



19 

vice for purposes of direction, guidance, caution, &c, should generally 
be capitalized and quoted — as, My semaphore has on one side the word 
" Safety " and on the other side the word " Danger ; " following the form 
of abbreviation used in such cases — as, My calendar has at top the word 
" Rec'd," and below it the word " Jan. 77 

The words " Letters Patent' 7 should be capitalized; and "Fig.," 
"Sheet," "Plate," "Diagram," "Patent," "Eeissue," "Design," and 
"Trade-Mark," where they are used with a numeral or number — as, 
" Patent No. 190,112 ; " " Design No. 7,4G0 ; " " Trade-Mark No. 4,404 y " 
"Fig.l;" "Sheet 2-" " Plate 1," &c— but not where the numeral or 
number is omitted, or where the number is parenthetical. Also, "Case 
A," "Case B," "Division B," &c, should be capitalized. 

As a rule, adjectives derived from proper names should be capitalized 
—as, "Argand burner ;" "Artesian well;" "Bullock press;" "Japan 
varnish;" "Babbitt metal;" "Bunsen burner;" "Britannia goods;" 
" Bessemer steel ; " " Minie rifle ; " " Mansard roof; " " Wilton carpet ; " 
"Windsor soap ;" "Giffard injector ;" "French roof;" "Portland cement ;" 
" Eosendale cement ; " " Siemens furnace ; " " Vandyke brown ; " " Jac- 
quard loom ; " " Jacquard motion ; " " Fourdrinier machine ; " " Manila 
paper ;"" Venetian blind;" "Wedgwood ware," &c. — and not com- 
pounded. But when they are very familiar and often used, they maybe 
"lower-cased" and compounded — as, "india-rubber;" "india-ink;" 
" china-ware," or " china ; " " morocco ; " " castile-soap ; " " canton-flan- 
nel ; " " britannia ; " " manila ; " " tripoli ; " " japan ; " " sisal ; " "jac- 
quard ; " " plaster- of-paris ; " " paris-green ; " " daguerreotype," &c. 

As a rule, proper names may be lower-cased when they stand for a 
product or invention — as, "jacquard," "japan," "manila," &c. — but not 
w T hen they stand for the proper name of a person or country — as, " Ja- 
pan varnish," " Jacquard loom," and "Manila paper," meaning varnish 
from Japan, loom invented by Jacquard, paper from Manila, and so on. 

The principal words inside of quotations in trade-marks should be 
capitalized ; but where the m atter quoted is a well-known phrase or some 
direction of minor importance, it may be unnecessary to capitalize any- 
thing except the first word. 

The word "city" should be capitalized in incorporated, but not in 
unincorporated, names of places — as, "Washington city," "New York 
city," "Allegheny city, Pa.," &c. The word " City " in " Jefferson City," 
" Jersey City," and " Mason City " is capitalized because those are the 
incorporated names. 

The word (or words) constituting the essential feature should be 
printed in small capitals once in every trade-mark. Where it is alluded 
to more than once, the preference should be given to the instance where 
it is introduced by the expression " The essential feature of my trade- 
mark consists of the word-symbol," &c, or its equivalent. 



20 



PARENTHETICAL ALLUSION TO DRAWINGS. 

Parentheses should not be used in such cases as u A, Fig. 1, is a," &c, 
"ds shown in Fig. l," u as shown in the drawing," "as seen in the draw-, 
in-/' "(is will be seen," &c., unless a sentence properly parenthetical is 
used in close connection with them. 

Parentheses generally should he used in such cases as: (See Fig. 1,) 
-not shown,) (not represented,) (seen in Fig. L,) (best seen in Fig. 1,) — the 
••(is" being omitted — though an exception may be made when these ex- 
pressions occur in the paragraph describing the figures. 

If they occur at the end of a sentence, a period should be used before 
them — as, (See Fig. 1.) (Not shown.) (Not represented.) (Seen in Fig 1 . 
1.) (Best seen in Fig. 1.) 

Where a parenthetical allusion is not made to the drawing or a figure, 
but only to a letter of reference, parentheses should be used, but uo 
period — as, (marked c,) (shown at c,) (seen at A,) &c. ; and so, also, where 
allusion is made primarily to a reference letter or letters and secondarily 
to figures of the drawing — as, (shown at E, Figs. 1 and 2.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

In those specifications the preamble of which begins. " Specification 
describing an Im proved,'' &c, the Italic line " To all whom it may concern 11 
should be inserted in all cases, and the paragraph made to correspond to 
the example given below. For instance, a preamble which reads " Speci- 
fication describing an Improved Horse Hay-Bake, invented by John 
Smith, of Chicago, in the county of Cook and State of Illinois," should 
be printed "Be it known that I, John Smith, of Chicago, in the county 
of Cook and State of Illinois, have invented an Improved Horse Hay- 
Bake, of which the following is a specification," ending with a period, 
and retaining as nearly as possible the language of the copy. 

Unless the county name appears in the petition, the blank left for it in 
the "preamble" should not be filled up, and in that case the expression 
"and State of" should be changed to "in the State of." 

Where two inventors are from the same place, the name of the resi- 
dence should not be repeated in the preamble. 

Usually, lead-pencil corrections or suggestions in copy should not be 
followed. 

The repetition "I claim" in the body of claims should be omitted, and 
the word "Also," sometimes used instead of numbers. 

The claims should be numbered 1, 2, 3, &c. ; but in other parts of speci- 
fications the ordinals " first," " second," "third," &c, should be used, ex- 
cept in Italic side-headings, when copy should be followed if Boman nu- 
merals are used. 

Copy should be followed as regards Boman or Arabic numerals in the 
figures of the drawing, except where Boman and Arabic are usedindis- 



21 

criminately in a specification, when either one or the other should be 
changed to secure uniformity, selecting the one used oftenest, or follow- 
ing some other guide to determine which should be taken. 

As a rule, letters or figures of reference should not be separated by 
commas, unless they are plainly used in "sets" of two or more — as,. 
"A A', B B', C C show three of my improved," &c, or unless the last 
two are connected by the word "and" — thus: "A B a b are posts." 
"1 2 3 4 are shunt-circuits." "A, B, #, and b are posts." "1, 2, 3, and 
4 are shunt-circuits." In figures of reference, "Nos. 12 3 4 represent," 
for example, should be printed "Numbers (meaning figures) 12 3 4 rep- 
resent," &c, and " figures" in similar cases, instead of "Figs." or "figs." 
But this does not apply to the figures of drawings, in which case commas 
should be used — as, "Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 represent side views." 

"The Figs. 1, 2, 3, &c, show my plow," as well as like expressions, 
should be changed by striking out the " The," so as to read "Figs. 1, 2, 
3," &c. 

The word "Fig." should not be repeated in a succession of figures— as, 
for instance, "Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 represent," &c, should be changed to 
"Figs. 1 and 2 represent," &c. 

The signatures of the original specification should be printed in all 
cases. 

Glaring grammatical errors in specifications maybe corrected, if it can 
be done without interfering with the inventor's meaning. 

The abbreviation " &c." should be used instead of " etc.," and it should 
not be repeated — that is, "&c," not " &c, &c." 

The word "Figure" should not be abbreviated the first time it occurs 
in a specification, but it should afterward, and capitalized, if numerals 
are used. When numerals are not used, it should not be abbreviated or 
capitalized. 

As a rule, technical terms should be quoted the first time they are 
quoted in copy, but not afterward, unless the inventor intimates techni- 
cality by using such terms as " termed," " called," "known as," &c, when 
the thing so mentioned should be quoted as often as occurring — as, "the 
part known as a'clawker,'" "the tool called a 'kowel,'" "the device 
termed a 'jigger,'" and so on. But an entire clause should not be in- 
cluded in such quotations, and quotation-marks should be omitted 
altogether where it is not possible to quote the adjective or qualifying 
word or words separately — as, for instance, My invention is applicable to 
those parts of machinery termed "live" and "dead" spindles, not "live 
and dead spindles ; " and instead of quoting only one part of a compound 
word, the entire word should be quoted — as, "center-board," not "cen- 
ter "-board. This quoting of technical words is not intended to apply to 
head-lines, capitalized titles of invention in preambles, or within quota- 
tions in trade-marks. 

As a rule, usually excepting parenthetical allusions to the figures of 
drawings, parentheses should be printed as written, unless manifestly 
wrong, and they should be supplied where the sense clearly requires it. 



22 

A.8 a rule, the singular or plural uumberof nouns in* the possessive 
case should be governed by the thing or things possessed) that is, when 
the thing possessed is singular, there will be a singular possessive, espe- 
cially when the indefinite article "a" or "an" isused^as, "lady's boot," 
sprinter's load." "child's carriage," &c. : and when plural there will be 
a plural possessive-*-as, "ladies' boots," "printers' leads," "children's 
carriages," &o. Of course, this is but a general rule, there being excep- 
tions, as in the ease of "binders' table" in a harvester, which should 
be a plural possessive, as it is usually made so as to accommodate two 
binders. 

Gothic letters should be used in showing shapes — as, U, V, L, S, D, 
T, C. X, Y. &o., and Antique or Clarendon in I-beam. 

Where there are two or more inventors, the pronouns referring to the 
inventors should be made plural — that is, "I" should be changed to " we," 
-my" to"Our,"&c. 

Where the inventor signs liis specification, the preamble and jurat 
should be printed in the first person, no matter how written j but where 
some other than the inventor signs, the pronouns should be changed to 
the third person where necessary. 

Where there is but one figure, the word "drawing" should be singu- 
lar, and where there are more than one it should be plural. 

The word " hereafter" should be changed to "hereinafter" when the 
allusion is not properly to the future, but merely to what is to follow in 
the specification. 

Prime-marks should be used with reference-letters in place of " su- 
perior l's" — that is, A A 7 A 2 A 3 , &c, instead of A A 1 A 2 A 3 , &c. ; except- 
ing where both are used with the same reference-letter — as, B 1 ' B 2/ B 3/ , 
&a — or where parts are given in sets, and superior figures used in one 
set and inferior figures in the other — as, " bars A 1 at the top and bars Ai 
at the bottom," &c. 

The introduction to the paragraph describing the figures — "In the ac- 
companying drawings, forming a part of my specification," &c. — should 
not be broken off with a dash and a paragraph begun with "Figure 1." 

The word "Witnesses" should be used instead of " Witnesses at sign- 
ing," or "Witnesses to both signatures," and "In presence of" instead 
of "In the presence of." Where the word "Attest" occurs, the copy 
should be followed. 

In closing the preamble, the following should be observed: "forming 
part of this specification, in which the figure (or drawing) is a perspec- 
tive view of my invention'? — that is, it should not break off with a dash, 
as in case of "Figure 1," &c. 

As a rule, in the abbreviation of names, a period should be used — 
"Edw.," "Wm.," "Fredk.," instead of "Edw'd," "Win," "Fred'k," 
&c. — excepting quoted words in trade-marks, where copy should be fol- 
lowed strictly. 



. 23 

Degrees of inclination should be printed in full — as. "at an angle of 
forty-five degrees/' &c. ; but degrees of heat or specific gravity should 
be printed in figures, with a degree-mark — as, " 100° Fahrenheit," " 32° 
Baume," "10° specific gravity," "10° Celsius," "30° centigrade," "18° 
Eeaumur," &c. ; and where they are both given in full and in figures, 
copy should be followed — thus : " The composition should first be brought 
to a temperature of one hundred and twenty degrees, (120°.)" 

Copy should be followed if the word "Celsius" or "centigrade" is 
written in full; but when the abbreviation "C." or " c." is used, it should 
be printed "centigrade," as the scales are the same, and that is the 
term most commonly used; and "F." or "Fahr.," "B.," "B.," "s. g.," 
&c, should be printed in full, when they stand for "Fahrenheit," 
"Baume," "Eeaumur," "specific gravity," &c. 

Per cents, and figures generally, should be printed in full, excepting 
tables, or where decimals are used, or where figures are referred to as 
on a scale or measure. 

Dates should be put in figures, generally, (excepting where they are 
given in full in trade-mark quotations or quoted as placed in full on cal- 
endars, scales, &c.) Copy should be followed in regard to "A. D.," 
or "in the year of our Lord," and the names of months should not be 
abbreviated unless so written in tables or in quotations in trade-marks, 
&e. 

In blank jurats, the pronouns and necessary words should be supplied; 
when the date is left blank, the part referring to it should be omitted. 

Such statements as, "My box is 3' long, 2' G" wide, and 10" deep," 
should be printed, "My box is three feet long, two feet six inches wide, 
and ten inches deep;" and " 10 x 12" should be printed " ten by twelve," 
&c. 

Hours of the day and statements of proportions should be printed 
thus: "five p. in.;" " twelve m.;" "ten a. in.;" "twelve o'clock;" "one 
o'clock;" "half-past one," &c; "in the proportion of four to five," "as 
seven is to eight," &c. 

"$210,346" should be printed "No. 210,316," using the latter abbre- 
viation in all cases instead of the former. 

In "reprinted" specifications, the exact language of copy should be 
followed, subject to herein-mentioned rules as to paragraphing, orthog- 
raphy, compounding, and punctuation, and necessary grammatical and 
typographical corrections. Also, the claims should be numbered in 
addition to "I claim," "I also claim," "Also," &c. 

The printing of old cases should be governed by the same rules as 
current issues. 

In preambles, the expression "and that the following is a full," &c, 
may be changed to "and I do hereby declare that the following," &c, 
and the expression "and do hereby declare," &c, to "and I do hereby 
declare," &c; and in the statement of invention, the pronoun "it" may 
be inserted in the expression "and consists," making it read "audit 
consists," &c, using a semicolon before the word "and." 



24 



GEOGRAPHICAL ORTHOGRAPHY. 

Towns.— JEtna, Mich.; Etna, all others. Center, Ark., Tex., W.Va., 
and Wis.: Centerville, Iowa, Oreg., and CTtahj ('(Miter Mills and Center 
View, V;i.; Center Hill, Mo.: Centre, in all other cases. Cheboygan, 
Mich.; Sheboygan, Wis. Coldwater, Ark., Ky., Iowa, Mich., and Miss.j 
Cold Water, all others. De Witt and El Dorado, two words. Fair 
Haven, two words, excepting Iowa, Mass., and Pa. Fairmount, one 
word, excepting Ga., BT. J., and N". Y. Glen Cove, Glen Haven, Glen 
Rock, Glen Roy, and Glens Falls. Greenbrier, one word, excepting Ind., 
Ohio, and Tenn. Greencastle, Iowa, Ind., and Pa.; Green Castle, all 
others. Green Point, X. Y. Hoosick Falls. Iloosac Tunnel. La 
Crosse, La Grange, and La Salle, two words. La Porte, two words, 
excepting Iowa and Pa. Le Roy, two words, excepting 111. and Va. 
Matawan, jST. J.; Matteawan, ST. Y.; Mattawan, Mich. Menominee, 
Mich, and Xebr.; Menomonee, Wis. Mont Clair, ]ST. J. Muncy, Pa. 5 
Muncie, 111., Ind., and Kans. ]STew Market, two words. Newtown, one 
word. Osceola, excepting Ind., Ky., Ohio, and Mich. Old Town, two 
words, excepting Me. and Tenn. Paterson, N. J. 5 all others Patterson. 
"West Chester, (Westchester county,) K Y., Iowa, Ohio, and Pa.; West- 
chester, Conn, and Inch Whitewater, Wis. ; White Water, all others. 
Wyandot, Ohio ; all others Wyandotte. 

Counties. — Allegany, 1ST. Y.; Alleghany, K C, Ya., and Md.j x\lle- 
gheny, Pa. Clarke, excepting Ark., Dak., Ky., 111., and Wis. Ottawa, 
Boone, Brown, Chautauqua, Culpeper, and Douglas; Greene, excepting 
Ky. and Wis. La Salle. Pottawattamie, Iowa ; Pottawatomie, Kans. 
Sumter. Yermillion. Whiteside, 111. 

Canada. — St. Catharines, St. Jacobs, St. Mary's, St. Williams, St. 
Johns, and St. Andrews. 

New Brunswick. — St. John, St. Stephen, and St. George. 

Nova Scotia. — St. Andrew's and St. Peters. 

ABBREVIATED NAMES OF STATES. 

The following is a list of preferred abbreviations of the names of 
States: Ala., Ariz., Ark., Cal., Colo., Conn., Dak., Del., Fla., Ga., Idaho, 
111., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Mass., Md., Me., Mich., Minn., Miss., 
Mo., Mont., H". C, Kebr., Mev., N. H., N. J., N. Mex., N. Y., Ohio, Oreg., 
Pa,, R. I., S. C, Tenn., Tex., Utah, Va., Yt., Wash., Wis., W. Ya., Wyo., 
D. C. 



SINGLE WORDS, 

Single words should be made of such nouns as " archway," " cam way," 
"causeway," " doorway," "gateway," "footway," "gangway," "guide- 



way," * 1 hatchway 



v a 



headway," 



1 l hoist way ," l i leeway," < c midway," 



"railway," "roadway," "steam way," "sternway," "subway," "tram- 
way," "ropeway," and "wasteway ;" but words of more than two syl- 
lables ending in "way" should be compounded — as, "carriage-way," 
"passage-way," " Avater-way," &c. 

Single words should be made of " earthenware," " glassware," " queens- 
ware," "tinware," and "stoneware," but not of "pottery-ware," "crock- 
ery-ware," " britannia- ware," and "silver-ware." 

Single words should be made of " downhill," " uphill," " downstroke," 
"upstroke," "downtake," "uptake," "downstairs," "upstairs," "down- 
grade," "upgrade," "downstream," "upstream," " downdraft," "up- 
draft," "indoor," "outdoor," "insole," and " outsole." 

The following are single words : 



anything. 

armhole. 

armpit. 

backbone. 

background . 

backlash. 

backwater. 

bedbug 

beeswax. 

beforehand. 

bisulphide. 

blackboard. 

blackwash. 

brakeman. 

breakwater. 

breastpin. 

broadcast. 

buckboard. 

bucketful. 

cannot, (rarely two words.) 

casemate. 

catgut. 

cesspool. 

cockeye. 

cocoanut. 

copyright. 

corkscrew. 

cornmeal. 

cornstalk. 

counterbalance, (verb.) 

counterbore. 

counterbrace, (v.) 

countercharge, (v.) 

counterpoise. 

countersink. 



cowhide. 

crosswise. 

curbstone. 

daylight. 

dovetail. 

downhold. 

downturned. 

drawbore, (v.) 

electrometer. 

electromotor. 

electroplate. 

electrotype. 

endwise. 

eyebolt. 

eyeglass. 

fireproofing. 

flatwise. 

flaxseed. 

foothold. 

footstool. 

forearm. 

forebay. 

forefinger. 

greenhouse. 

grindstone. 

groundsill. 

groundwork. 

gunpowder. 

handbill. 

handcuff. 

handsaw. 

handspike. 

headstall. 

hereinafter. 

hereinbefore. 



hillside. 

holdback. 

holdfast. 

hornblende. 

horseshoe. 

hydrocarbon. 

hydropneumatic. 

inkstand. 

keystone. 

knockdown, 

landside. 

lengthwise. 

limekiln 

limestone. 

linchpin. 

logwood. 

lookout. 

mainspring. 

meantime. 

milkweed. 

millstone. 

neckcloth. 

necklace. 

neckscarf. 

necktie. 

neckwear. 

oatmeal. 

offset. 

oleomargarine. 

outfall. 

overboard. 

overshoe. 

overstitch. 

padlock. 

pasteboard. 



26 



lit. 


semicircular. 




threefold. 


ife. 


shipboard. 




I reenail. 


o< k. 


shovelful. 




trefoil. 


Milt. 


sideboard, (avtic 


/< of fumi 


- tumblerful. 


o k. 


hire.) 




t urnst Lie. 


photolithograph. 


sidev* alk. 




t wolbld. 


pickax. 


sidew isc. 




undercut, (v.) 


picklock. 


signalman. 




underground. 


pickpocket. 


skewbaok. 




undershirt. 


piecew ork. 


skylight. 




underskirt. 


pincushion. 


soapstone. 




undcrsuit. 


[Aois share. 


spiegeleisen. 




undcrwaist. 


postmark. 


spoonful. 




underwear. 


postmarking. 


staircase. 




upside. 


protosalt. 


standpoint. 




u|»t urned. 


protosnlphide. 


.standstill. 




waistband. 


quarterfoil. 


steamboat. 




waistcoat. 


quicklime. 


steamship. 




warehouse. 


quicksilver. 


straightforward, 


(adj.) 


watchman. 


railroad. 


subacetate. 




waterproofing 


ramrod. 


subaqueous. 




wheelbarrow. 


rawhide. 


subcarbonate 




wheelwright. 


reagent. 


subsoil. 




whetstone. 


riprap. 


substructure. 




whit'tletrec. 


roundhouse. 


sunshade. 




whitewash. 


rowlock. 


superheater. 




windmill. 


sandpapering. 


tenfold. 




windrow. 


sandstone. 


thereabout. ' 




workmanlike. 


sawdust. 


thereagainst. 




wristband. 


seesaw. 


therethrough. 




zigzag. 



OUTHOGBAPHY. 

Webster's Dictionary should be followed in spelling, and his prefer- 
ences when two or more allowable ways of spelling are given, excepting 
these few words: " tuyere," instead of Webster's preference, "tweer;" 
'•gage," instead of "gauge;" " draft," instead of "draught;" "weir," 
instead of " wear ;" " detecter," instead of " detector ; " " exhibitor," in- 
stead of " exhibitor ; " "foundry," instead of " foundery." An exception 
is made in the case of assignments and the quoted words in trade-marks, 
the spelling of which must be strictly followed. 

Copy should be followed in English and Latin plurals — as, "radii," or 
'•radiuses;" "frustums," or "frusta," &c. ; also in " intermittingly" 
and "intermittently." 

The following is a list of words spelled according to Webster's Dic- 
tionary, together with a number of words which have been coined and 
used in patent specifications: 



above-said, (adjective. ) 

abrade, not abraid, (verb.) 

accordion. 

acetanilide. 

acetylene. 

acuminate. 

adelhyde-green. 

admissible. 

admittable. 

adz, not adze. 

aerate, nol airate. 



aeroklinoscope. 

aerometer, (air and gases.) 

sesthesiometer. 

aesthetic. 

afghan. 

aging, not ageing. 

agophone. 

ajntage, not adjutage. 

alberttype. 

albuminimeter. 

alcoholmeter. 



alfa. 

a little way, (distance.) 

alizarine. 

allegeable. 

allyle-toluidine. 

alpha-naphtbol. 

alpha-oxyazo-naphtl 10 

altazimuth. 

amidoazo-benzole. 

amido-dimethylaniline. 

anaguarine. 



27 



aniline, not analine. 

animal-charcoal. 

anime. 

anisol-crimson. 

anisol-red. 

anisidine. 

annotto. 

anthemion. 

anthracene. 

antimacassar. 

anti-sparrow-rest. 

aqna-ammonia. 



archil. 

Archimedean screw, 
areometer, (hydrometer.) 
arm-scye, as in copy. 
arm-size, as in copy. 
arrastra. 

artificial-stone block, 
asafetida. 
ashestus, not 
ashler, not ashlar. 
astragal, 
atmidometer. 



attar. 

audiphone. 

amine. 

auriscope. 

avena. 

ax, not axe. 

axes, {plural.) 

axis. 

axnnge. 

azimnth. 

azo compound. 



B. 



Babbitt, not Babbit. 

back-pressure. 

backward, not backwards. 

bagasse, not begasse. 

balance-rynd. 

balata, (gum.) 

ball-ground. 

baluster, not ballustcr. 

bandelore toy. 

barege. 

Barker's mill. 

barvel. 

bas-relief. 

bass, (music.) 

Banine", not Beaumc. 

bauxite. 

beautify, not beautefy. 



bedbug-trap. 

beer- wort. 

belly-band. 

beta-naphthol. 

beta-oxyazo-naphthol. 

beveled-gear wheel. 

bevel-gear wheel. 

bezel. 

biasing. 

bight, (loop.) 

binoxalate. 

blond-metal. 

blue-stone. 

bluing, not blueing. 

bodega. 

bogie, (truck.) 

bold, (lock.) 



bone-black. 

Boullay's filter. 

bouquet, not boquet. 

bowl, (bronzing-machine.) 

bowlder, not boulder. 

Brahm ah's press. 

brick-dust. 

brick-kiln. 

B. S. oil. 

burin. 

burned, (with few exceptions 

such as burnt umber, burni 

senna, Src.) 
burnetizing. 
burr, not bur. 
busseling, (iron-working. ) 
butylene. 



cagnardelle. 
calcimine. 

caldron, not cauldron. 
calipers, not callipers. 
calk, not caulk. 
calla lily, 
camera obscura. 
canceling, 
cancellation, 
cannelure, (guns.) 
cannon-j)inion. 
cantle. 

canvas, (noun.) 
capodastro. 
carbon point, 
carburation. 

carbureted, not carburetted. 
carburetor, ( Webster^s ap- 
pendix.) 
carcass, not carcase. 
cardamom, 
cardanic suspension, 
carling. 
carrageen. 



c as cab el. 

catalysis. 

catchup, not catsup. 

catechu. 

cavetto. 

center, (except towns spelled 

centre.) 
center-fire cartridge. 
ceriph. 
champagne, 
chandelier, 
chatelaine, 
chemitype. 
chemosmosis. 
chiaro-oscuro. 
chicle, (gum.) 
chicory, 
chimogene. 
china-clay, 
china-grass. 

chine, not chime or chimb. 
chipoul, (sponge. ) 
chock, 
chord, (bridges.) 



chorl, (knives.) 

chromo-lithograph. 

chromo-photography 

chrysaniline. 

chuck-wheel. 

chute, not shoot, (n.) 

chyonieter. 

cigar, not segar. 

cimeter. 

cinque-foil. 

cipher, not cypher. 

clawker. 

clew, not clue. 

cloot-hole. 

coal-ashes. 

C3al-dust. 

coffer-dam. 

cog-gear wheel. 

cogged gear-wheel. 

coil-spring. 

colander. 

collidine. 

colophony. 

coloring-matter. 



28 



i. not con 


ooro-starch. 




(TOsseu(-s:t\\ . 




oil. 


Corosso inn , (ivory-nut. ) 


crown gear-wheel, 




comport. 


ootamine. 




oryolite. 




compressor, uol compn 98er, 


ooi ter bar. 




crystalline. 




condensable, uol oondi nsible 


. cotton-batting. 




crystallize, 




conductible. 


ooi bon-wool. 




er\ si allotypes. 




confectionery. 


counter-oharge, (n. ) 




cuneiform. 




i onferrable. 


oonnter-preasure. 




curtate. 




congelation. 


orenelate. 




cuspidor, ( Wel)8ter } 8 


appenr 


coniform. 


crepe Lisse. 




dix. ) 




const ructer. 


creosote, not creasote, 


,] 


cut-off. 




conveyer, uol conveyor. 


oresolidine. 




cut-water. 




copaiba. 


cresset. 




cyma recta. 




coralline. 


crizzled. 




cyma reversa. 




corbel. 


cross-cut. 




eysl, not cist. 





i>. 



dado. 

dammar varnish. 

1 )ani('H*s hygrometer. 

day-time. 

dead-center. 

dead-point. 

dead-spindle. 

debuscope. 

decalcomanie. 

deckle. 

decorticate. 

defense, not defence. 

degras. 

deleble. 

Deluc's hygrometer. 

denims. 

densimeter. 

dentaphone. 

depressor, not depresser. 

desiccate. 

detecter. 

deutoxide, not dentoxide. 



develop, not develope. 

diamidoazo-benzole. 

diamine-phenyline. 

diamond fold. 

dianaplrthylamine. 

diaphanie. 

diarrhea. 

diazo-anisol. 

diazo compound. 

dichlormethane. 

dichroic. 

diethylamine. 

diglyph. 

dike. 

dimethyl-aniline. 

dimethyl-orthotolnidine. 

diphenylamine. 

diphenyline. 

disk, not disc. 

distention, not distension, 

distill, not distil. 



distortion, not distorsion. 

distributer, not distributor. 

disulpho-acid. 

doctor-roll. 

dod-plate. 

domicile. 

dormer-window. 

double-crank shaft. 

double-tree, not doubletree. 

doup-heddles. 

down-hanger. 

downward, not downwards. 

dram, not drachm. 

draper, (harvesters.) 

draw-bore, (n.) 

drier, (n.) 

drop-black 

dryly. 

dye-stuff. 

dynactinometer. 

Dynas bricks. 



eccentric-rod. 
economize. 

elatrometer. 

electrolysis. 

electrolyte. 

electrophorus. 

eloigned. 

embedded, not imbedded. 

emery-paper. 

emery-wheel. 



employe", not employee. 

end-play. 

end-thrust. 

endwise, not endways. 

engrail. 

envelop, (verb.) 

eosine. 

erasable. 

escape-steam. 

ethane. 



ethereal, not etherial. 

ethyl-chloride. 

ethylon. 

ewer-mouth. 

excelsior. 

exciting-liquid. 

exhaust-steam. 

exhibitor. 

extiados. 



29 



fagot, not faggot. 

Fahrenheit, not F. 

faience. 

fancy-loom. 

farad. 

farther, if relating to distance. 

feather-edge. 

fecal. 

feldspar. 

fellies, not felloes. 

felly, not felloe. 

female screw-thread. 

fermeture. 

ferrid-cyanide. 

ferro-cyanide. 

f erro-man o-au ese . 



fettle. 

liber, not fibre. 

figurine. 

filigree. 

fmial. 

fixation. 

flange, wot flancli. 

flat wick-tube. 

fleam-tooth, {saw.) 

Hick. 

flier, not flyer, (».) 

flotation. 

fluor-spar. 

truss. 

forgette, as in copy. 



forward, not forwards. 

four-way cock. 

fourchette, as in copy. 

frame-work. 

freezing-mixture. 

friction gear-wheel. 

fruit-crate. 

fuchsine. 

fulfill, not fulfil. 

full-cock, {fire-arms. ) 

fuller, {metal-testing machine* 

further, if relating to time. 

fusee. 

fusel-oil, not fusil-oil. 

fuzz. 



G. 



gauister. 

gasify, not gasefy. 

Gay-Lussac's areometer. 

genapping. 

Glauber's salt. 

glockenspiel. 

glory-hole, {glass-blowing ) 



gluing, not glueing. 

glut-wheel. 

glycero-ferrated. 

goose-neck, not gooseneck. 

gram, not gramme. 

graphotype. 

gravelly. 



gray, {color.) 
griper, not gripper. 
grommet, not grummet 
guarantee, 
guilloche, not golosh. 
gum-kauri, 
gyroscope. 



H. 



hacked, (bncks.) 


hematite. 


hominy-mill. 


half-cock. 


hemp-brake. 


Hooke's universal joint 


half-way. 


Hero's fountain. 


horse-power. 


haloxyline. 


heveenoid. 


hot-shorts. 


hand-hold. 


high-wine. 


howel. 


hardy-hole. 


hillside-plow. 


hundred-weight. 


harmoniphon. 


hinderance. 


hurds. 


heart-wheel. 


Hindley's screw. 


hydro-motor. 


herldle, not hcadle. 


hoeing. 


hydropult. 


heliostat. 


hogget. 


hydro steam-engine 



I. 



ichthyocolla. 

idle-wheel. 

ignitible, not ignitablc. 

ilixanthine. 

illegible. 

imitation marble. 

imitation stitch. 

incase, not encase. 

inclose, not enclose. 



incumbrance. 

indelible. 

ink, {a socket.) 

insecticide. 

insertible, not insertable. 

inspissation. 

intaglio. 

intarsia tiles. 

interceptor. 



intrados. 

iodamide. 

iodine-green. 

ironide. 

iron truss-bridge. 

isosceles. 

ivoride. 

ivorytype. 



30 



jamb 

jam-nut. 



jaquima. 



jetty, (n.) 



kainit. 

kale. 

kaleidoscope. 

kali-water. 

kaolin. 



K. 

kauri gum. 
keened, (carding.) 
keir. 
kerite. 

ketone. 



killick. 

kilogram, not kilogramme. 

knubbles. 

knurled. 

kraeusen, (brewing.) 



lacquer. 
lactometer. 

lager-brer. 
lamel. 

lamina, (plural lamina'.) 
lamp-black, 
leach, (to filter.) 
eading-screw. 
ledger-blade, 
leggin. 
lengthwise, Dot lengthways. 



leno- weaving. 

letter-sheet. 

leucine. 

Leyden jar. 

licorice. 

lighted, not lit. 

lignum- vitaB. 

lingoes. 

linoleum. 

linter. 



liquefy, not liquify. 

liquid seal. 

liter, not litre. 

live-spindle. 

live steam. 

lock-fast. 

louver. 

low-wine. 

lydine. 

lye, not ley. 



mails, (looms.) 
male screw-thread, 
malleableized. 
malt extract, 
mandrel, not mandril. 
maneuver, 
manikin. 

manila, not manilla. 
mantel-piece, 
mantle, (garment.) 
marble-dust, 
marbleized. 
marc. 

Mariotte's flask, 
martingale. 
mastic. 
maul-stick. 
mauveine. 
meeting-rails, 
megafarad. 
megalethoscope. 
megasse, not magasse. 
el>er. 



M. 

megohm. 

melophine. 

merchandise. 

meridional. 

metallochrome. 

metallophone. 

meta-peptone. 

methane. 

methylamine. 

methyl-aniline. 

methyl-chloride. 

methylene-blue . 

microbes. 

microfarad. 

microhm. 

micrometer. 

microphone. 

mi crophotograph . 

microspectroscope. 

mid-height. 

mid-length. 

mid-position. 

milligram, not milligramme. 



millimeter. 

mineral water. 

Minton pavement. 

mirbane. 

mitrometer, (levels.) 

mold, not mould. 

monamine. 

mono nitro - dimethylani- 

line. 
monosulpho-acid. 
mordant, not mor daunt. 
mortise, not mortice. 
mosquito-net. 
mother-liquor, 
motive power, 
mucous, (adj.) 
mucus, (n.) 
mud-sill, 
muley-saw. 
mullein, 
mullion. 
Muntz metal, 
niustache-jmard. 



31 



N. 



naphtha, 
naphthaline, 
naphthionic. 
naphthylamidine. 
naphthylamine. 
naphthyl-phenylaniine . 
naught, {cipher. ) 
nep. 



nephelodonieter. 

newel-post. 

noddle-pins. 

noils. 

nowel. 

Nicholson's hydrometer. 

nickel, not nicJcle. 

night-time. 



mtro-benzole. 

nitroleum. 

nitroline. 

nitro-naphthylamine. 

nitroso-dimethylaniline. 

nitro-toluidine. 

nitro-xyloidine. 

nutritious, not nutritious 



O, 



ocher, not ochre. 

ohm. 

oil-paint. 

open-work. 

optometer, not optimeter 

orchil. 

organ ina. 

orseille. 



orthonitrocirmamic. 

o r t h o n itrodebroniohy dro- 

cinnamic. 
o r t h o n i troparachlorophe- 

nylpropiolic. 
orthonitrophenyloxyacrylic. oxyazo-naphthylamiue. 
orthonitrophenylpropiolic. oxyhydrogen. 
ortho-toluidine. ozocerite. 



otoscope. 

overshot wheel. 

ovolo. 

oxidize. 

oxyazo-naphthaline. 



pachometer. 

paillasse. 

palette. 

pallet-wheel. 

paly. 

panary. 

pancreatine. 

pannier. 

pantograph , not pa n tagraph , 

Papins digester. 

para-dianiido. 

paraffine. 

parallelly. 

p ara-n aphtha line . 

para-pex)tone. 

para-toluidine. 

parkesine. 

partible. 

patent-leather. 

pedometer. 

pedo-motor. 

pease, {if in hulk.) 

peen, (Jocks, $c.) 

pelecoid, not pelicoid. 

pendant, (??.) 

pendent, {adj.) 

peptone. 

petroline. 



petrosteariue. 

pevy. 

phenylamine. 

phenyl-diamine. 

phonautograph. 

Xihoneidoscox^e. 

phosphine. 

X>hosphoroscope. 

phosphorous, {adj.) 

phosphorus, (».) 

phtalamine. 

phunrphone. 

pianino, {little piano.) 

picker-stah . 

picridine. 

pillow-block. 

pimento. 

pinchers, uot pincers. 

yyitman-Tods, not pitmen-rods. 

pitmen, not jpitmans. 

placket. 

plait, not pleat, {a fold, ) as 

in copy. 
Plante batteries, 
plaque. 

plat, {to weave,) as in copy. 
platinum-black, 
pliers, not plyers. 



plot, {of ground.) 

plow, not plough. 

plumber-block, not plum- 
mer -block. 

poikilo, {variegated.) 

pomace, {pulped apples.) 

pommel. 

j)onton, not pontoon. 

postal-card. 

potance, {watches.) 

poults. 

pozzolana. 

pritchel. 

propylene. 

protoxide. 

puddler's-ball squeezers. 

pug-mill. 

pulleys, not pullies. 

pumice-stone. 

punty, {glass.) 

puppet-valve, not poppet- 
valve. 

purfling. 

purlin. 

purlin-bents, 

putrefy, not putrify* 

pyrogallidine. 

pyroxyline. 



32 



quannet. 
quai i ■ 



<*• 



H u i ti u- mu*. 

quiuidiue 



qumogeu. 
quoin. 



I£. 



rabbet not rebate. reglet. 

ramee, ( Webstei^a appendix.) resin, as in copy. 



rarefy, not rarify. 

»**». Umc W 
ratchet, \ A • 

ratoon. 

rattan. 
realgar. 
Reaumur, 
red load. 
red-liquoik 
red-staff, 
reeve, not reave. 
referable. 



resorcine. 

retractable. 

ret urn-pipe. 

return-stroke. 

rheocord. 

rheomotor. 

rheopliore. 

rhigolene. 

rhodium. 

riff. 

rim-fire cartridge. 

ring-spinning frame. 



Roberval's balance. 

roll-back. 

rosaniline. 

roseoline. 

rose-wood. 

rosin, as in copy. 

roussant. 

rubiacine. 

rubidide, (color.) 

ruche. 

Ruhinkorff coih 

ruiming-stone. 

rysimeter. 



e's treatise on tele- 
graph. 

sabot. 

saccharometer. 

sacque, (loose garment.) 

safranine. 

salable, not saleable. 

sal-ammonia. 

saleratus. 

salicylic. 

salicylidine. 

salimeter. 

sal -soda. 

salt-water. 

sassafras. 

satchel. 

sauer-kraut. 

Saussure's hygrometer. 

sa vanilla. 

sawed, not sawn. 

scallop, not scollop. 

schist. 

scion, not cion. 

sclerometer. 

scoria, (pi. scoria.) 

scoved, (casing bricks.) 

scye. 

sear, not sere. 

sedlitz, not seidlltz. 

seggar, not sagger. 

seize, not sieze. 

seizin. 

selvage, not selvedge. 

semaphore-arms. 

semi-circle, (graphometer.) 

semolina, ( Webster's appen- 
dix.) 
■ ill oxide. 
e, (matter.) 

sewed, not sewn. 

sewerage, (structure.) 



sewer gas-traps, 
shaking-grates, (not process 

of shaking. ) 
shale. 

sheave, not shieve. 
sheer-boom, 
shim, 
ship- stuff, 
shoeing. 
shoe-maker, 
shirred, 
sick-room, 
side-hill plow. 
siderostat. 

sidewise, not sideways. 
sieve, not seive. 
silicate-paint, 
silicious, not siliceous. 
singeing. 

single-tree, not singletree. 
siphon, not syphon. 
sirup, not syrup. 
skep. 

skillful, not skilful. 
slaked, (lime, $c.) 
sleazy. 
sley, (loom.) 
slid, not slidden. 
slip-healds, (weaving.) 
slubber, (weaving. ) 

slyly. 

small-arms. 

smalt. 

smaltz. 

smolder, not smoulder. 

Sorel cement. 

sown, not sowed. 

spall. 

spandrel. 

specific gravity, not 8. g. 

spectrometer. 



spigot, not spiggot. 

spinning-jack. 

spinning-jenny. 

spinning-mule. 

spoonful. 

spring-pressure. 

spring-time. 

sprocket-wheel. 

sprue-hole. 

spur-gear wheel. 

sputs, (boilers.) 

stack-lead. 

stadio-curvimeter. 

stale, (handle.) 

stanchion. 

stauroscope. 

steam-power. 

steam vacuum-pump. 

still-wax. 

Stochrer's, (telegraphy.) 

stockinet. 

strake, (ships.) 

strop, (razors.) 

sub-base-plate. 

sub-chamber. 

subsulphate. 

subtile, (thin.) 

subtle, (artful.) 

suint. 

sulpho-acid. 

sulpho-conju gated. 

sulphurator, (bleaching,) not 

sulphureter. 
sulphureted, not sulphuretted 
sumac. 

sump, (furnaces.) 
supersede, not supercede. 
surcingle, 
surface-speed. 
swage, not swedge. 



33 



table-cutlery. 

table-salt. 

table-spoonful. 

tacky, (sticky.) 

taggers tin, (thin tin.) 

take-up. 

talcky. 

talica. 

tambour-frame. 

tampion, not tompion,(guns, 

tampon, (surgery.) 

tasimeter. 

T-cloth. 

teasel. 

teaser, (electricity. ) 

tea- spoonful. 

telemeter. 

tell-tale. 

tellurian. 

templet, not template. 

ten-pins. 

tenter-hook. 

terne, (metal.) 

terra-alba. 

terra- cotta. 



terry, (cloth.) 
thaumatrope. 

thereabout, not thereabouts. 
thermal circuit-regulator, 
thermo-die stamp, 
thermo-electrometer. 
thermo-niagnetism. 
thole-pins, 
three-high roll. 
) -through-pin. 
thymol, 
tiel. 
tige. 

tile drain, 
tile-kiln, 
timbre, (music.) 
tinctorine, (color.) 
tin-foil, 
toluol-orange, 
toluylendiamine. 
tonguing-cutter. 
tonka-bean, 
top-dressing. 
top-flat. 
top-heavy. 



toward, not towards. 
tracker-pin. 
T-rail. 
train-man. 
tram-staff, 
transferable- 
trestle, not iressel. 
triethylamine. 
triglyph. 
tripe-metal, 
tritylene. 
trolley, 
trousers, 
try- square. 
T-square. 

tubular-knitting machine. 
tup. 

turbine wheel, 
turn-out. 

Twaddle's areometer, 
tyer, (to lie.) 
tying, not tieing. 
tymp. 
tyrasine. 



ultram ar in e-blue. 
umbrella-rib tips. 
umbrella tip-cup. 
under-clothing, 
under-current. 



U. 

under-cut, (??.) 
under-drawers. 
under-garment. 

undershot wheel, 



union-joint. 

u pright-piano-for te action 

upward, not upwards. 

uranine. 



W. 



valance, 
valata, (gum.) 
vanilline. 



Line. 

vegetable-charcoal. 

veil, not vail. 

velveteen. 

veranda. 

verd-antique. 

verdigris. 



verge-board. 

vermilion. 

vervain. 

vial, not phial. 

victorine. 

villous. 

violoncello, not violincello. 

vise. 

visor. 



vitiate. 

vitrifv, not vitrefy. 

volt. 

volta-electric. 

voltaic battery. 

volute spring. 

vortical, (from vortex.) 

voussoir. 

vulcanator. 



W. 



wabble-saw. 

wag-staff's, or staves, as in 

copy. 
walking- cultivator. 
want age -rod. 
waste heat. 

3 sp 



waste steam. 

waste water. 

watch-maker. 

water-bib. 

water-color. 

water-level. 



LOfa 



water-line. 

water-mark. 

water-power. 

water-repellent . 

water-sea). 

water-works. 



34 



i\ painting, 
kx-tailings. 
i \ w ork. 
i\ -bill. 

i\ passenger. 
i\ >iai ion. 
aring-appnrel. 
ber, [i h ctricity.) 
ile, uo1 whilst. 
iirl. not whorl. 
iisk\ . not whiskey. 



\\ hite Lead. wood-ashes. 

w hite-metal. woodburytype. 

w bite-liquor, wood-ckarcoal. 

\\ h i t ♦-*>. baokle. wood-cut. 

\\ igan. w ood-engraving. 

winoing-machine, wood pavement. 

w Lne-glassful. wood-screw, 

vi inter-green. woolen. 

w inter-Killed, w oolly. 
w ire-drawn, (tenia- or steam. )wrest-pin, ( piano.) 

"dge, wrest-plank, (piano.) 



\\ i r 



w itherite, (mineral.) 



writ ing-pape 



xylidine, (coloHng-matter. ) xyloidbie, (explosive.) xylotilc. 



yelk, not yolk. 



level. 



zaffeT. 
zero-point, 
ziment- water, 
zinc-blende. 



zinc-ethyl, 
zinc-methyl, 
zincode. 
zincous. 



z inked, 
zirconia. 



NAUTICAL WORDS AND COMPOUNDS, 

The following partial list of nautical words will be found useful for 
reference : 



•aft-sail. 



A. 



back-stay. 
belaying-pin. 
bibbs, 
boom-fasteniiii 



boom-iron, 
boomkin. 
bowsprit, 
bulk-head. 



bull's-eye. 
buntline. 



35 



cat-boat, 
cat-block. 



cat-head, 
cat-book. 



clew -line. 



f>. 



down -haul. 



E. 



eye-splice. 



fair-leader. 

fair-runner. 

fid. 

flying jib. 

foot-rope. 

fore-and-aft sail. 

fore-and-aft stays. 

fore-body. 

forebrace 

fore-cabin. 

forecastle. 



F. 

fore-chains. 

fore-course. 

foredeck. 

fore-hatchway. 

foremast. 

fore-royal. 

fore-royal studding-sail. 

foresail. 

fore sky-sail. 

forestay. 

foretop. 



foretop-gallant-mast back- 
stays. 

foretop-gallant sail. 

foretop-gallant studding- 
sail. 

foretop-mast. 

foretop-mast back-stays. 

foretop-inast-stay sail. 

foretop-mast studding-sail. 

foretop-sail. 

foreyard. 



gaff-topsail. 



a, 

grommet-hole. 



guy-rope. 



H. 



halyards, 
hatch-combing. 



head-rail. 



head-sail. 



I. 



iron- clad. 



J 



36 



straps 



J. 

jib-bonnet brails 



jib-boom. 



keels 



K. 



ketch. 



leech-line. 



leech-rope. 



luft-rope. 



main-brails, 
main-boom. 

main-chains. 

main-course. 

main-deck. 

main-hatchway. 

main-keel. 

mainmast. 

main-royal. 

main-royal-stay sail. 

main-royal studding-sail. 

mainsail. 

mainsail-reef. 

main-sheet. 

main sky-sail. 



M. 

main-stay. 

maintop. 

maintop-gallant-mast hack- 
stays. 

maintop-gallant sail. 

maintop-gallant-stay sail. 

maintop-gallant studding- 
sail. 

maintop-mast hack-stays. 

maintop-niast-stay sail. 

maintop-mast studding-sail. 

main-topsail. 

main-yard. 

mast-head. 

mizzen-chains. 



mizzen-course. 
mizzen-mast. 
mizzen-royal. 
mizzen sky-sail, 
mizzen-spanker. 
mizzen-stay. 
mizzen-stay sail 
mizzen-top-gallant -mast 

hack-stays, 
mizzen-top-gallant sail, 
mizzen-top-mast hack-stays, 
mizzen-top-mast-stay sail, 
mizzen-topsail. 



outbauls. 



ar. 



parral-iron. 



peak-halyard. 



quarter-deck 



37 



«*. 



R. 



ratline, 
ridge- band 



roundhouse. 

rowlocks. 



royal-sail, 
royal-mast jack 



S. 



sheet-anchor, 
sheet-block. 



shoulder-of-mutton sail. 



stay -sail. 



throat-halyard, 
top-foresail, 
top-lift, 
top-gallant sail. 



top-gallant yard. 

top-mast. 

top -mast trestle -trees. 

top-tackle. 



top-timbers 

top-sail, 
try-sail. 



U, 



W* 



wheel-chains, 
wheel-house. 



wheel-rope. 



wild cat, 



38 



z. 



CHEMICAL SYMBOLS. 



To distinguish them from reference-letters, all chemical symbols should 
be put in parentheses when both the name of the chemical and its for- 
mula aregiven— as, "nitricacid, (XO a ); w "alcohol, (C 4 H 5 4- HO )»— but 
nor when the formula alone is given — as, " the symbol N0 5 ." The paren- 
theses should be omitted, however, when there are parentheses inside 
the symbol, and commas used instead. 

As a rule, '- interior'' instead of " superior" figures should be used in 
chemical symbols, and spaces omitted between the letters and signs. 

The following is a list of chemical symbols in common use : 



Aluminium Al 

Antimony, (stibium) Sb 

Arsenic As 

Barium Ba 

Beryllium Be 

Bismuth Bi 

Boron B 

Bromine Br 

Cadmium Cd 

Caesium Cs 

Calcium Ca 

Carbon C 

Cerium Ce 

Chlorine CI 

Chromium Cr 

Cobalt Co 

Copper, (cuprum) Cu 

Didymium .D 

Erbium E 

Fluorine F 

Gallium 

Gold, (aurum) Au 



Hydrogen H 

Indium In 

Iodine I 

Iridium Ir 

Iron, (ferrum) Fe 

Lanthanum La 

Lead, (plumbum) Pb 

Lithium Li 

Magnesium Mg 

Mauganese Mn 

Mercury, (hydrargy- 
rum) Hg 

Molybdenum Mo 

Nickel Ni 

Niobium Nb 

Nitrogen N 

Osmium Os 

Oxygen O 

Palladium Pd 

Phosphorus P 

Platinum Pt 

Potassium, (kalium) K 



Rhodium Eli 

Rubidium Eb 

Ruthenium Eu 

Selenium Se 

Silicium Si 

Silver, (argentum) Ag 

Sodium, (natrium) Na 

Strontium Sr 

Sulphur S 

Tantalum Ta 

Tellurium Te 

Thallium Tl 

Thorinum Th 

Tin, (st annum) Sn 

Titanium Ti 

Tungsten, or wolfram.. -W 

Uranium IJ 

Vanadium V 

Yttrium Y 

Zinc Zn 

Zirconium Zr 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



028 030 939 f 



